Did high-taxes bring about the economic boom of the mid 20th century?

I completely agree, the US found itself after WWII with a world economy in shambles and one in which they were able to be very competitive and grow.

That's actually not true. Women did not enter the workforce in significant numbers until after the women's movement--their number really started to grow during the 80s and beyond through today. However, by the 80s, the shared prosperity wave had peaked, union density was already falling, income inquality was already on the rise, and productivity had already begun to decouple from wages. Female participation in the labor force was in fact the only thing that allowed many families to reach or stay in the middle class -- as men's wages for many families were no longer sufficient to keep up the desired standard of living without the supplement of the wive's wages. It did not cause the post-war boom.

The economy should be left to run alone. When the gov't starts playing a big role in the economy all the right economic incentives are destroyed. Further, if the gov't only supervised that property, liberty and individually are maintained, then there would be no need to seek for a more equitable distribution of wealth, because by preserving these three fundamental human rights equality would be at its highest. Rather than focusing on making society equal, the gov't should focus on ensuring everyone's individuality, property and liberty are equally honored.